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Imyuka ya mercure ituruka mu bucukuzi bwa zahabu n’ubucukuzi buciriritse bwambukiranya isi y’amajyepfo burenze gutwikwa n’amakara nk’isoko rinini rya mercure ku isi. Turasuzuma ububiko bwa mercure n’ububiko muri Amazone ya Peruviya, byibasiwe cyane n’ubucukuzi bwa zahabu y’ubukorikori.Amashyamba akora muri Amazone ya Peruviya hafi ya ibirombe bya zahabu byakiriye inyongeramusaruro nyinshi cyane, hamwe na methylmercury yuzuye mu kirere, amababi y’ibiti, nubutaka.Dore, twerekanye ku nshuro ya mbere ko ibiti by’amashyamba bitagira ingano hafi y’ibirombe bya zahabu y’ubukorikori bifata urugero runini rwa mercure na gaze ku gipimo ugereranije. ahantu hose h’ibabi.Twanditse inyandiko nyinshi zegeranya mercure mu butaka, biomass hamwe n’inyoni z’indirimbo zituye muri tumwe mu turere dukingiwe cyane kandi dukungahaye ku binyabuzima muri Amazone, twibajije ibibazo by’ingutu byerekana uburyo umwanda wa mercure ubuza imbaraga zo kubungabunga ibidukikije bigezweho ndetse n’ejo hazaza muri iki kibazo cy’ibinyabuzima byo mu turere dushyuha .
Ikibazo kigenda cyiyongera ku bidukikije byo mu mashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha ni ubukorikori n'ubucukuzi bwa zahabu ntoya (ASGM) .Ubu buryo bwo gucukura zahabu buboneka mu bihugu birenga 70, akenshi mu buryo butemewe cyangwa butemewe, kandi bingana na 20% by'umusaruro wa zahabu ku isi1.Mu gihe ASGM ni imibereho yingenzi kubaturage baho, bivamo gutema amashyamba 2,3, guhindura amashyamba kubidendezi4, imyanda myinshi mumigezi yegeranye5,6, kandi ikagira uruhare runini mukirere cyisi Kurekura imyuka ya mercure (Hg) kandi nini cyane amasoko ya mercure y'amazi meza 7. Imbuga nyinshi za ASGM zongerewe imbaraga ziherereye ahantu h’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye ku isi, bikaviramo gutakaza ubudasa8, gutakaza amoko yoroheje9 hamwe n’abantu10,11,12 hamwe n’inyamaswa zo mu bwoko bwa apex13, 14 zihura na mercure.Kigereranyo cya toni 675-1000. Hg yr-1 ihindagurika kandi ikarekurwa mukirere cyisi kuva mubikorwa bya ASGM buri mwaka7.Ikoreshwa rya mercure nyinshi nubukorikori nubucukuzi bwa zahabu ntoya byahinduye amasoko akomeyey’imyuka ya mercure yo mu kirere iva mu majyaruguru y’isi ikagera mu majyepfo y’isi yose, hamwe n’ingaruka ziterwa na mercure, ubwikorezi ndetse nuburyo bwo kwerekana.Nyamara, bike bizwi ku byerekeranye n’ibi byuka byangiza imyuka yo mu kirere hamwe n’ububiko bwabyo hamwe n’uburyo bwo kwirundanya mu turere twatewe na ASGM.
Amasezerano mpuzamahanga ya Minamata kuri Mercure yatangiye gukurikizwa mu 2017, kandi ingingo ya 7 ivuga cyane cyane ibyuka byangiza imyuka iva mu bucukuzi bw’amabuye y’ubukorikori n’ubucuruzi buciriritse. Muri ASGM, mercure y’ibanze yongewe mu bishanga cyangwa mu bucukuzi bwa zahabu kugira ngo itandukane zahabu. kwibanda kuri zahabu no kurekura mercure ya gaze ya gaze (GEM; Hg0) mu kirere.Ibi ni nubwo hashyizweho ingufu n’amatsinda nka gahunda y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe ibidukikije (UNEP) Global Mercury Partnership, Umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe iterambere ry’inganda (UNIDO) n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta gushishikariza abacukura amabuye y'agaciro kugira ngo bagabanye imyuka ya mercure. Nk'iyi nyandiko mu 2021, ibihugu 132, harimo na Peru, byashyize umukono ku Masezerano ya Minamata kandi bitangira gushyiraho gahunda y'ibikorwa by'igihugu kugira ngo bikemure byimazeyo kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere cya ASGM.Academics yahamagariye iyi gahunda y'ibikorwa by'igihugu kugira ube wuzuye, urambye kandi wuzuye, urebye abashinzwe imibereho myiza yubukungu n’ibidukikije 15,16,17,18.Gahunda zigezweho zo gukemura ingaruka ziterwa na mercure mubidukikije byibanda ku ngaruka za mercure zijyanye no gucukura zahabu n’ubukorikori buto hafi y’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi, birimo abacukuzi n’abantu batuye hafi yo gutwika amalgam, hamwe n’abaturage barya amafi menshi y’inyamaswa .Imikorere ya mercure yibikorwa. binyuze mu guhumeka imyuka ya mercure iturutse ku gutwikwa kwa amalgam, guhura na mercure yimirire binyuze mu kurya amafi, hamwe na bioaccumulation ya mercure mu mbuga z’ibiribwa byo mu mazi nibyo byibandwaho cyane mu bushakashatsi bwa siyansi bujyanye na ASGM, harimo no muri Amazone.Ubushakashatsi bwambere (urugero, reba Lodeniyo na Malm19).
Urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima byo ku isi narwo rufite ibyago byo guhura na mercure ituruka kuri ASGM.Atmospheric Hg yasohotse muri ASGM kuko GEM ishobora gusubira ku butaka bw’isi binyuze mu nzira eshatu nyamukuru20 (Ishusho 1): GEM irashobora kwinjizwa mu bice byo mu kirere, hanyuma bigahagarikwa na hejuru;GEM irashobora kwinjizwa neza nibimera hanyuma igashyirwa mubice byayo;amaherezo, GEM irashobora guhindurwamo ubwoko bwa Hg (II), bushobora gukama bwumutse, bugashyirwa mubice byikirere, cyangwa bigashyirwa mumazi yimvura. Izi nzira zitanga mercure kubutaka binyuze mumazi yatemba (ni ukuvuga imvura igwa hejuru yigiti), imyanda, na imvura, uko bikurikirana. Kwibiza gutose birashobora kugenwa nubwinshi bwa mercure mumyanda yakusanyirijwe ahantu hafunguye.Ibimera byumye birashobora kugenwa nkigiteranyo cyamazi ya mercure mumyanda hamwe na mercure itemba mugwa ukuyemo impanuka ya mercure mumvura. Umubare wubushakashatsi zanditseho ubutunzi bwa mercure mubutaka bwisi ndetse n’amazi hafi y’ibikorwa bya ASGM (reba nkurugero, imbonerahamwe yincamake muri Gerson nabandi 22), birashoboka nkibisubizo byombi byinjira muri mercure yibimera no kurekura mercure itaziguye.Nyamara, mugihe byongerewe imbaraga ububiko bwa mercure hafi ya ASGM bushobora guterwa no gutwika mercure-zahabu amalgam, ntibisobanutse uburyo iyi Hg itwarwa mubutaka bwakarere nakamaro kagereranijwe kubitsa bitandukanyeinzira zose hafi ya ASGM.
Mercure isohoka nka gaze ya mercure (GEM; Hg0) irashobora gushyirwa mubutaka binyuze munzira eshatu zo mu kirere. Ubwa mbere, GEM irashobora guhindurwamo okiside kuri ionic Hg (Hg2 +), ishobora kwinjizwa mubitonyanga byamazi hanyuma igashyirwa hejuru yamababi nkatose cyangwa cyangwa Amababi yumye. Icya kabiri, GEM irashobora adsorb ibintu byangiza ikirere (Hgp), bigahagarikwa namababi kandi bigakaraba ahantu nyaburanga hifashishijwe amasumo hamwe na ionic Hg.Bwa gatatu, GEM irashobora kwinjizwa mubice byamababi, mugihe Hg ishyirwa mubibabi. ahantu nyaburanga nk'imyanda. Hamwe n'amazi yaguye hamwe n'imyanda bifatwa nk'ikigereranyo cyo guta mercure yose.Nubwo GEM ishobora no gukwirakwira hamwe na adsorb mu butaka no mu myanda77, iyi ntishobora kuba inzira y'ibanze yo kwinjiza mercure mu bidukikije ku isi.
Turateganya ko imyuka ya mercure yibintu bigabanuka hamwe nintera ituruka kumasoko ya mercure.Kubera ko inzira ebyiri murinzira eshatu zoherejwe na mercure ahantu nyaburanga (binyuze mu kugwa no mu myanda) biterwa n’imikoranire ya mercure hamwe n’ibimera, dushobora kandi guhanura igipimo cya mercure iri. yashyizwe mu bidukikije ndetse n’uburyo bukabije ku nyamaswa Ibyago by’ingaruka bigenwa n’imiterere y’ibimera, nkuko bigaragazwa n’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mashyamba ya boreal kandi ashyushye mu burebure bw’amajyaruguru23.Nyamara, turemera kandi ko ibikorwa bya ASGM bikunze kugaragara mu turere dushyuha, aho imiterere y’imisozi ugereranije n'ubwinshi bw'ahantu hagaragara amababi aratandukanye cyane.Ikamaro ugereranije n'inzira zo gutembera kwa mercure muri iyi ecosystem ntizigeze zibarwa neza, cyane cyane kumashyamba yegereye amasoko y’imyuka ya mercure, ubukana bwayo bukaba budakunze kugaragara mu mashyamba ya boreya.Nuko rero, muri ibi kwiga, turabaza ibibazo bikurikira: (1) Nigute gazi yibanze ya mercure yibanze kandiInzira zo kubitsa ziratandukanye no kuba hafi ya ASGM hamwe nubuso bwibibabi byerekana amababi yo mukarere? (2) Ese ububiko bwa mercure bwubutaka bufitanye isano n’ibicuruzwa byinjira mu kirere? niyambere mugusuzuma ibyinjira muri mercure hafi yibikorwa bya ASGM nuburyo igipfundikizo cya canopy gifitanye isano nubu buryo, kandi nubwa mbere gupima methylmercury (MeHg) yibibanza bya Amazone ya Peruviya. Twapimye GEM mukirere, nubushyuhe bwuzuye, kwinjira, byose hamwe mercure na methylmercury mumababi, imyanda, nubutaka mumashyamba hamwe n’ahantu hateye amashyamba ku birometero 200 by’umugezi wa Madre de Dios mu majyepfo y’amajyepfo ya Peru .Twakekaga ko kuba hafi ya ASGM n’imijyi icukura amabuye yatwitse Hg-zahabu amalgam yaba ari ngombwa cyane ibintu bitera ikirere cya Hg (GEM) hamwe nubushyuhe bwa Hg (imvura nyinshi) .Kubera ko mercure yumye (penetration + litter) ifitanye isano na tree canopy structure, 21,24 turateganya kandi ko amashyamba afite inyongeramusaruro nyinshi za mercure ugereranije n’ahantu hateye amashyamba yegeranye, ibyo, ukurikije igipimo cy’ibibabi birebire hamwe n’ubushobozi bwo gufata mercure, Ingingo imwe irahangayikishije cyane. Kora ishyamba rya Amazone. Twakomeje gushidikanya ko fauna gutura mu mashyamba hafi yimijyi icukura amabuye y'agaciro yari afite urugero rwa mercure kurusha fauna ituye kure yubucukuzi.
Iperereza ryacu ryabereye mu ntara ya Madre de Dios mu majyepfo y’amajyepfo ya Peruviya ya Peruviya, aho hegitari zirenga 100.000 z’amashyamba zatewe amashyamba kugira ngo zibe ASGM3 yegeranye, ndetse rimwe na rimwe ikaba iri mu butaka burinzwe ndetse n’ububiko bw’igihugu. Zahabu n’ubukorikori buto ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro muri kariya karere ka Amazone y’iburengerazuba bwiyongereye cyane mu myaka icumi ishize kandi biteganijwe ko buziyongera hamwe n’ibiciro bya zahabu nyinshi ndetse no kongera imijyi yo mu mijyi binyuze mu mihanda minini ya transoceanic Ibikorwa bizakomeza 3.Twahisemo ahantu habiri nta bucukuzi (Boca Manu na Chilive) , nko muri kilometero 100 na 50 uvuye kuri ASGM,) - nyuma yiswe "ahantu hitaruye" - hamwe n’ibibanza bitatu biri mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro - nyuma yiswe "ahantu hitaruye" ahacukurwa amabuye y'agaciro "(Ishusho 2A) .Biri mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro. ibibanza biherereye mumashyamba ya kabiri hafi yimijyi ya Boca Colorado na La Bellinto, naho ikibanza kimwe cyacukurwamo amabuye y'agaciro giherereye mumashyamba adakuze ashaje kuri Conservatio ya Los Amigosn Kwemererwa. Menya ko ku birombe bya Boca Colorado na Laberinto bya kirombe, imyuka ya mercure irekuwe no gutwikwa kwa mercure-zahabu amalgam ibaho kenshi, ariko ahantu nyaburanga hamwe n’amafaranga ntibizwi kuko ibyo bikorwa akenshi usanga bitemewe kandi rwihishwa;tuzahuza ubucukuzi bwa mercure na mercure Alloy yaka hamwe hamwe yitwa "ibikorwa bya ASGM" .Kuri buri rubuga, twashyizeho icyitegererezo cyibimera mugihe cyizuba nimvura mugihe cyo gukuraho (ahantu hateye amashyamba hatarimo ibiti byimbaho) no munsi yibiti (ishyamba) uturere) ibihe bitatu byose byigihembwe (buri gihe cyamezi 1- 2) ibipimo byapimwe mumwaka wambere, twashyizeho abegeranya kubibanza bitandatu byamashyamba muri Los Amigos.
Ikarita yingingo eshanu ziteganijwe zerekanwa nkuruziga rwumuhondo.Ibibanza bibiri (Boca Manu, Chilive) biherereye mu turere twa kure y’ubucukuzi bwa zahabu y’ubukorikori, naho ibibanza bitatu (Los Amigos, Boca Colorado na Laberinto) biherereye mu turere twibasiwe n’ubucukuzi. , hamwe n'imijyi icukura amabuye y'agaciro yerekanwe nka mpandeshatu z'ubururu.Ikigereranyo cyerekana ahantu hasanzwe h’amashyamba n’amashyamba yatewe n’amabuye y'agaciro.Mu mibare yose, umurongo ucagaguye ugereranya umurongo ugabanya ibice byombi bya kure (ibumoso) hamwe n’ibice bitatu byibasiwe n’ubucukuzi () iburyo) .B Ibyuka bya mercure yibanze (GEM) kuri buri site mugihe cyizuba cya 2018 (n = 1 icyitegererezo cyigenga kurubuga; ibimenyetso bya kare) hamwe nigihe cyizuba (n = 2 byigenga byigenga; ibimenyetso bya kare) ibihe.C Ubwinshi bwa mercure mu mvura yakusanyirijwe mu mashyamba (icyatsi kibisi) no gutema amashyamba (agasanduka kijimye) mugihe cyizuba cya 2018.Ku bisanduku byose, imirongo igereranya abunzi, agasanduku kerekana Q1 na Q3, whiskers zerekana inshuro 1.5 intera intera (n =Ingero 5 zigenga kurubuga rwamashyamba, n = 4 byigenga kurugero rwamashyamba) .D Ubwinshi bwa mercure mumababi yakusanyirijwe mumatongo ya Ficus insipida na Inga feuillei mugihe cyizuba muri 2018 (axis ibumoso;Icyatsi kibisi cyijimye nicyatsi cya mpandeshatu yicyatsi kibisi, kimwe) no kuva kumyanda myinshi hasi (axis iburyo; ibimenyetso byuruziga rwicyatsi kibisi) n = icyitegererezo cyigenga cyimyanda) .E Ubwinshi bwa mercure mubutaka (hejuru ya cm 0-5) bwakusanyirijwe mumashyamba (agasanduku kibisi) no gutema amashyamba (agasanduku kijimye) mugihe cyizuba cya 2018 (n = 3 byigenga kurubuga ) .Data kubindi bihe byerekanwe mubishusho 1.S1 na S2.
Ikigereranyo cya mercure ya Atmospheric (GEM) cyari gihuye n’ibyo twahanuye, hamwe n’agaciro gakomeye mu bikorwa bya ASGM - cyane cyane hafi y’imijyi yaka Hg-zahabu amalgam - hamwe n’agaciro gake mu turere twa kure y’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y'agaciro (Ishusho 2B) .Mu uturere twa kure, kwibanda kwa GEM biri munsi yuburinganire bwikigereranyo cy’isi yose mu majyepfo y’isi y’amajyepfo ya 1 ng m-326. Ibinyuranye, kwibanda kwa GEM muri ibyo birombe uko ari bitatu byikubye inshuro 2-14 ugereranije n’ibirombe bya kure, hamwe n’ibirindiro mu birombe byegeranye ( kugeza kuri 10.9 ng m-3) byagereranywaga n’ibiri mu mijyi no mu mijyi, kandi rimwe na rimwe byarengeje ibyo muri Amerika, Inganda z’inganda mu Bushinwa na Koreya 27.Ubu buryo bwa GEM muri Madre de Dios burahuye na mercure-zahabu amalgam yaka nka isoko nyamukuru ya mercure yo mu kirere yazamutse muri kano karere ka kure ka Amazone.
Mu gihe kwibanda kwa GEM mu gusiba byakurikiranaga hafi y’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y'agaciro, ubwinshi bwa mercure mu kwinjira mu masumo y'amazi byaterwaga no kuba hafi y’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’amabuye n’amashyamba.Iyi moderi yerekana ko kwibanda kwa GEM byonyine bidateganya aho mercure nyinshi izashyirwa mu busitani.Twapimye hejuru cyane kwibanda kuri mercure mu mashyamba akuze neza mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro (Igishusho 2C) .Kubungabunga Amigos Kubungabunga Ibidukikije byari bifite impuzandengo ya mercure nyinshi mu gihe cyizuba (intera: 18-61 ng L-1) byavuzwe mu bitabo kandi byari bigereranijwe kurwego rwapimwe kumwanya wanduye nubucukuzi bwa cinnabar no gutwika amakara yinganda.Itandukaniro, 28 i Guizhou, mu Bushinwa. Ku bumenyi bwacu, izo ndangagaciro zerekana umubare ntarengwa w’umwaka winjiza wa mercure wabazwe ukoresheje ibihe bya mercure yumye nigihe cyizuba hamwe nigipimo cyimvura (71 µg m-2 yr-1; Imbonerahamwe yinyongera 1). Ahandi hantu hacukurwa amabuye y'agaciro ntabwo yazamuye urwego rwa mercure yose ugereranije n’ahantu hitaruye (intera: 8-31 ng L-1; 22-34 µg m-2 yr-1). Usibye Hg, aluminium gusa na manganese yari yazamuye ibicuruzwa mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, bishoboka ko biterwa n'ubutaka bujyanye n'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro;ibindi bintu byose byapimwe byingenzi hamwe na tronc ntago byari bitandukanye hagati yubucukuzi n’uturere twa kure (File File Supplementary File 1), ubushakashatsi bujyanye ningaruka za mercure yamababi 29 hamwe na ASGM amalgam yaka, aho kuba umukungugu wo mu kirere, nkisoko nyamukuru ya mercure mugwa kugwa. .
Usibye kuba nka adsorbents ya mercure ya gaze na gaze, amababi yibihingwa arashobora kwinjiza no kwinjiza GEM mubice 30,31.Mu byukuri, ahantu hegereye ibikorwa bya ASGM, imyanda nisoko nyamukuru yo gushira mercure.Ubushuhe bwa Hg (0.080 –0.22 µg g - 1) yapimwe mu bibabi bizima biva ahantu hose hacukurwa amabuye y'agaciro yarenze agaciro kashyizwe ahagaragara ku mashyamba ashyushye, ya boreal, na alpine yo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, Uburayi, na Aziya, ndetse n’andi mashyamba ya Amazone muri Amerika y'Epfo, giherereye muri Amerika y'Epfo.Uturere twa kure hamwe n’amasoko yegereye 32, 33, 34.Ibihuza byagereranywa n’ibyavuzwe kuri mercure ya foliar mu mashyamba avanze yo mu Bushinwa n’amashyamba ya Atlantike muri Berezile (Ishusho 2D) 32,33,34.Gukurikiza icyitegererezo cya GEM, hejuru cyane ubwinshi bwa mercure mumyanda myinshi hamwe namababi ya canopy byapimwe mumashyamba ya kabiri mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro.Nyamara, ibivugwa ko imyanda ya mercure yagereranijwe yari hejuru cyane mu mashyamba y'ibanze adakomeye ku kirombe cya Los Amigos, bishoboka ko biterwa n'ubwinshi bw'imyanda.Twagwije mbere byatangajwe na Peruviya Amazone 35 na Hg yapimye mu myanda (ikigereranyo kiri hagati y’ibihe bitose n’ibihe byumye) (Igishusho 3A) .Iyi myanzuro yerekana ko kuba hafi y’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’amabuye hamwe n’ibiti bitwikiriwe n’ibiti bigira uruhare runini mu mizigo ya mercure muri ASGM muri kano karere.
Amakuru yerekanwe mumashyamba na B yo gutema amashyamba.Ahantu hateye amashyamba ya Los Amigos niho hashyirwaho sitasiyo yumurima ugize agace gato k'ubutaka bwose.Ibisumizi byerekanwa n'imyambi kandi bigaragazwa nka µg m-2 yr-1.Ku hejuru ya cm 0-5 z'ubutaka, ibidengeri byerekanwe nkuruziga kandi bigaragazwa muri μg m-2.Ijanisha ryerekana ijanisha rya mercure igaragara muri pisine cyangwa flux muburyo bwa methylmercury.Ibipimo byibanda hagati yigihe cyizuba (2018 na 2019) n'ibihe by'imvura (2018) kuri mercure yose binyuze mumvura, imvura nyinshi, hamwe n imyanda, kugirango igereranwe ryikigereranyo cyimitwaro ya mercure. Amakuru ya methylmercury ashingiye mugihe cyizuba cya 2018, umwaka wonyine wapimwe. Reba "Methods" kumakuru yo guhuriza hamwe no kubara flux.C Isano iri hagati yubushuhe bwa mercure hamwe nigipimo cyibibabi byibibanza mubibanza umunani byo kubungabunga Los Amigos Kubungabunga, hashingiwe kubisanzwe byibuze kwaduka.Ubutaka bwubutaka bwa mercure yibibanza bitanu byose mumashyamba (umuzenguruko wicyatsi) no gutema amashyamba (triangles yumukara), ukurikije ubusanzwe byibuze kwaduka kwaduka (utubari twibeshya twerekana gutandukana bisanzwe).
Twifashishije igihe kirekire cyimvura namakuru yimyanda, twashoboye gupima ibipimo byinjira hamwe nibirimo bya mercure biva mubukangurambaga butatu kugirango dutange igereranya ryimyuka ya mercure yo mu kirere ya buri mwaka yo kubungabunga Los Amigos Conservation Concession (penetration + umubare w’imyanda + imvura) kugirango ikigereranyo kibanziriza iki. Twabonye ko amasoko ya mercure yo mu kirere mu bigega by’amashyamba yegeranye n’ibikorwa bya ASGM yikubye inshuro zirenga 15 ugereranije n’ahantu hateye amashyamba (137 na 9 µg Hg m-2 yr-1; Ishusho 3 A, B) .Iyi primaire. ikigereranyo cy’urwego rwa mercure muri Los Amigos kirenze amakuru yavuzwe mbere y’amasoko ya mercure hafi y’amasoko ya mercure mu mashyamba yo muri Amerika ya Ruguru n’Uburayi (urugero, gutwika amakara), kandi agereranywa n’agaciro mu Bushinwa bw’inganda 21,36 .Bose babwiwe, abagera kuri 94 % ya mercure yuzuye mumashyamba arinzwe ya Los Amigos ikorwa nubutaka bwumye (penetration + litter - imvura igwa), umusanzu urenze uw'abandi benshi imberest landcape kwisi yose.Ibisubizo birerekana urwego rwinshi rwa mercure yinjira mumashyamba hamwe no kumisha byumye muri ASGM n'akamaro k'igiti cyamashyamba mugukuraho mercure ikomoka kuri ASGM mukirere.Turateganya ko uburyo bwa Hg bukungahaye cyane bwagaragaye mubice byamashyamba hafi ya ASGM ibikorwa ntabwo byihariye muri Peru.
Ibinyuranye na byo, amashyamba y’amashyamba mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro afite urugero rwa mercure nkeya, cyane cyane binyuze mu mvura nyinshi, hamwe na mercure nkeya yinjira mu kugwa no mu myanda. Ihuriro rya mercure yose mu butayu bwinshi mu gace ka kirombe wagereranijwe n'izapimwe mu turere twa kure (Ishusho 2C) . ubwinshi bwimvura yaguye ya Hg yari hasi (8.6-21.5 µg Hg m-2 yr-1) mukarere kegeranye n’amashyamba ugereranije na GEM, uburyo bwo guhunikamo imyanda hamwe n’imyanda y’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y'agaciro, kandi ntibigaragaza hafi y’ubucukuzi. .Kubera ko ASGM isaba gutema amashyamba, ahantu 2,3 hasukuye ibikorwa by’ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro hashyizwemo mercure nkeya ziva mu kirere kuruta amashyamba yegeranye, nubwo bitarekuwe na ASGM mu buryo butaziguye (nk'ibi as mercure yibanze cyangwa umurizo) birashoboka kuba hejuru cyane.Hejuru 22.
Imihindagurikire y’amazi ya mercure yagaragaye muri Amazone yo muri Peruviya iterwa n’itandukaniro rinini hagati no hagati y’ahantu mu gihe cyizuba (amashyamba n’amashyamba) (Ishusho 2) .Ibinyuranye, twabonye itandukaniro rito hagati y’urubuga no gutandukanya imbuga kimwe kimwe umuvuduko muke wa Hg mugihe cyimvura (Igishushanyo 1) umusaruro, bityo ukongerera ubwinshi bwimyuka yo mu kirere ikurura mercure. Umusaruro wa mercure n ivumbi mugihe cyizuba birashobora kugira uruhare muburyo bwo gutembera kwa mercure mumashyamba ugereranije n’amashyamba y’amashyamba yo kubungabunga Los Amigos.
Nkuko inyongeramusaruro ziva muri ASGM muri Amazone yo muri Peruviya zishyirwa mubinyabuzima byo ku isi cyane cyane binyuze mu mikoranire n’igiti cy’amashyamba, twagerageje niba ubwinshi bw’ibiti by’ibiti (ni ukuvuga igipimo cy’ibibabi) byavamo kwinjiza mercure nyinshi. Mu ishyamba ryuzuye rya Los Amigos Kuzigama Kubungabunga, twakusanyije ibitonyanga bitonyanga mubibanza 7 byamashyamba bifite ubucucike butandukanye. Twasanze icyerekezo cyibibabi cyari gihanura cyane kwinjiza mercure yose binyuze mu kugwa, kandi impuzandengo ya mercure yose igwa kugwa yiyongereye hamwe nuburinganire bwibibabi (Ishusho 3C) .
Ukurikije igipimo kinini cyo guta mercure, ubutaka bwo hejuru (cm 0-5) bw’ishyamba rya Los Amigos bwagize ubwinshi bwa mercure (140 ng g-1 mu gihe cyizuba cya 2018; Ishusho 2E) .Ikindi kandi, ubushakashatsi bwa mercure bwari ikungahaye ku butaka bwose bwapimwe bwahagaritswe (intera 138-155 ng g-1 ku bujyakuzimu bwa cm 45; Igishushanyo cy'inyongera 3) .Urubuga rwonyine rwerekanaga ubutumburuke bw’ubutaka bwa mercure mu gihe cyizuba cya 2018 ni ahantu hateye amashyamba hafi umujyi ucukura amabuye y'agaciro (Boca Colorado) .Kuri kuri uru rubuga, twavuze ko kwibumbira hamwe cyane bishobora guterwa no kwanduza mercure yibanze mu gihe cyo guhuza, kubera ko intumbero itigeze yiyongera ku bujyakuzimu (> cm 5) .Igice cy’ububiko bwa mercure yo mu kirere. yatakaye kugirango ahunge ubutaka (ni ukuvuga mercure irekurwa mu kirere) kubera igifuniko gishobora no kuba hasi cyane mu mashyamba kuruta mu mashyamba 40, byerekana ko igice kinini cya mercure kibikwa mu kubungabunga.Ubuso buguma mu butaka. Ubutaka bwuzuye bwa mercure mu ishyamba ryibanze ryo kubungabunga Los Amigos Kubungabunga ni 9100 μg Hg m-2 muri cm 5 za mbere na 80.000 μg Hg m-2 muri cm 45 za mbere.
Kubera ko amababi yakira cyane cyane mercure yo mu kirere, aho kuba mercure yubutaka, 30.31 hanyuma igatwara iyi mercure mu butaka igwa, birashoboka ko umuvuduko mwinshi wa mercure utwara imiterere igaragara mubutaka.Twabonye isano ikomeye hagati yuburinganire rusange. kwibanda kuri mercure mubutaka hamwe nubushuhe bwa mercure mu turere twose tw’amashyamba, mu gihe nta sano yari hagati ya mercure yo hejuru y’ubutaka hamwe n’ubushakashatsi bwa mercure bwuzuye mu mvura nyinshi mu turere tw’amashyamba (Ishusho ya 3D) .Uburyo bumwe bwagaragaye no mu isano riri hagati y’ibidendezi bya mercure y’ubutaka na mercure yuzuye mu mashyamba, ariko ntabwo ari ahantu hateye amashyamba (pisine yo hejuru yubutaka hamwe nubushyuhe bwuzuye bwuzuye bwa mercure).
Ubushakashatsi hafi ya bwose bwerekeranye n’umwanda wa mercure ku isi ujyanye na ASGM bwagarukiye gusa ku gupima mercure yose, ariko kwibumbira hamwe kwa methylmercury kugena bioavailable ya mercure hamwe no kwegeranya intungamubiri ndetse no guhura kwayo.Mu binyabuzima by’ibinyabuzima byo ku isi, mercure ikoreshwa na mikorobe mu bihe bya anoxic 41,42, bityo rero muri rusange bizeraga ko ubutaka bwo mu misozi bufite ubutumburuke buke bwa methylmercury.Nyamara, ku nshuro ya mbere, twanditse ubushakashatsi bwa metero nyinshi za MeHg mu butaka bwa Amazone hafi ya ASGM, byerekana ko kuba MeHg yazamutse cyane bitarenze urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi ndetse no mu bidukikije ku isi muri utwo turere twibasiwe na ASGM. , harimo izirengerwa mugihe cyimvura.Ubutaka nibiguma byumye umwaka wose.Ubushuhe bwinshi bwa methylmercury mubutaka bwo hejuru mugihe cyizuba cya 2018 cyabereye mubice bibiri byamashyamba yikirombe (Boca Colorado na Los Amigos Reserve; 1.4 ng MeHg g - 1, 1.4% Hg nka MeHg na 1,1 ng MeHg g - 1, kuri 0,79% Hg (nka MeHg). Kubera ko iyi ijanisha rya mercure mu buryo bwa methylmercury igereranywa n’ahandi ku isi ku isi (Igishushanyo cya 4), ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwa methylmercury bugaragara. biterwa nubwinshi bwinjiza bwa Mercure hamwe nububiko bwinshi bwa mercure yose mubutaka, aho guhinduka neti ya mercure iboneka kuri methylmercury (Ishusho yinyongera. 5) Ibisubizo byacu byerekana ibipimo byambere bya methylmercury mubutaka hafi ya ASGM muri Amazone ya Peruviya. Nk’uko Ubundi bushakashatsi bwerekanye ko methylmercury itanga umusaruro mwinshi ahantu huzuye umwuzure kandi wumye 43,44 kandi turateganya ko methylmercury yibanda cyane mu mashyamba yegereye ibihe n’ibishanga bihoraho bibamoimizigo isa.Nubwo methylmercury Niba hari ingaruka z’uburozi ku nyamaswa zo ku isi hafi y’ibikorwa byo gucukura zahabu biracyamenyekana, ariko ayo mashyamba yegereye ibikorwa bya ASGM arashobora kuba ahantu hashyirwa ingufu za bioaccumulation ku mbuga z’ibiribwa ku isi.
Ikintu cyingenzi kandi gishya mubikorwa byacu ni inyandiko zerekana ubwikorezi bwa mercure nyinshi mumashyamba yegeranye na ASGM. Amakuru yacu yerekana ko iyi mercure iboneka, kandi ikanyura mu mbuga z’ibiribwa ku isi. Byongeye kandi, umubare munini wa mercure bibitswe muri biyomasi nubutaka kandi birashoboka ko bizarekurwa hifashishijwe imikoreshereze yubutaka4 hamwe n’umuriro w’amashyamba 45.46. Amazone yo mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Peruviya ni kimwe mu binyabuzima bitandukanye by’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye by’imisemburo y’udusimba n’udukoko ku isi. amashyamba ateza imbere urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima 48 kandi atanga ibibanza by’amoko atandukanye atuye mu mashyamba49. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ibice birenga 50% by'akarere ka Madre de Dios byagenwe nk'ubutaka burinzwe cyangwa ikigega cy'igihugu50. Umuvuduko mpuzamahanga wo kugenzura ibikorwa bya ASGM bitemewe muri Ikigo cy’igihugu cya Tambopata cyazamutse cyane mu myaka icumi ishize, biganisha ku bikorwa bikomeye (Operación Mercurio) na guverinoma ya Perumuri 2019.Nyamara, ibyo twabonye byerekana ko kuba amashyamba agizwe n’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye bya Amazone atuma akarere gashobora kwibasirwa cyane no gupakira mercure no kubika ahantu nyaburanga hamwe n’imyuka ya mercure yatewe na ASGM, bigatuma amazi ya mercure ku isi anyura mu mazi.Ikigereranyo kinini cyapimwe cy’amafaranga gishingiye ku kigereranyo cyacu cy’ibanze cyerekana ko imyanda ya mercure irenze urugero mu mashyamba adahwitse hafi ya ASGM.Mu gihe iperereza ryacu ryabereye mu mashyamba arinzwe, uburyo bwo kwinjiza mercure no kugumana bwakoreshwa ku mashyamba y'ibanze akuze ashaje. hafi yibikorwa bya ASGM, harimo na buffer zone, ibisubizo rero birahuye namashyamba arinzwe kandi adakingiwe.Amashyamba arinzwe arasa.Nuko rero, ingaruka za ASGM kumiterere ya mercure ntabwo zifitanye isano gusa no gutumiza mu buryo butaziguye mercure binyuze mu kirere cyangiza ikirere, isuka, n’umurizo, ariko kandi n’ubushobozi bw’ubutaka bwo gufata, kubika, no guhindura mercure mu buryo bworoshye bioavailable imiterere.bijyanye nubushobozi.methylmercury, yerekana ingaruka zitandukanye kubidendezi bya mercure ku isi ndetse n’ibinyabuzima byo ku isi bitewe n’amashyamba yegereye ubucukuzi.
Mugushakisha mercure yo mu kirere, amashyamba adahwitse yegereye abanyabukorikori n’ubucukuzi bwa zahabu ntoya arashobora kugabanya ingaruka za mercure ku bidukikije by’amazi yegeranye n’ibigega by’amazi ya mercure yo mu kirere.Niba aya mashyamba yarahanaguweho ibikorwa by’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y'agaciro cyangwa ubuhinzi, mercure isigaye irashobora kwimurwa ikava ku butaka ikajya mu mazi. urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima binyuze mu muriro w'amashyamba, guhunga no / cyangwa gutemba45, 46, 51, 52, 53.Muri Amazone yo muri Peruviya, toni zigera kuri 180 za mercure zikoreshwa buri mwaka muri ASGM54, muri zo hafi kimwe cya kane gisohoka mu kirere55, ukurikije uburyo bwo kubungabunga ibidukikije. kuri Los Amigos. Aka gace kangana hafi 7.5 nubuso bwubutaka burinzwe hamwe n’ibidukikije birinzwe mu karere ka Madre de Dios (hafi hegitari miliyoni 4), bufite igice kinini cy’ubutaka burinzwe mu zindi ntara zose za Peru, kandi n’ibi ahantu hanini h'ubutaka butagira amashyamba.Ahanini hanze ya radiyo yoherejwe na ASGM na mercure.Niyo mpamvu, ikurikiranwa rya mercure mu mashyamba adakomeye ntirihagije kugira ngo habuze mercure ikomoka kuri ASGM kwinjira mu bidengeri byo mu kirere ndetse no ku isi hose, byerekana akamaro ko kugabanya imyuka ya mercure ya ASGM. Iherezo ry’ibintu byinshi bya mercure. mercure ibitswe muri sisitemu yo ku isi ahanini iterwa na politiki yo kubungabunga ibidukikije.Ibyemezo bizaza ku buryo bwo gucunga amashyamba adahwitse, cyane cyane mu duce twegereye ibikorwa bya ASGM, bityo bikaba bifite ingaruka zo gukangurira mercure na bioavailable ubu no mu myaka icumi iri imbere.
Nubwo amashyamba ashobora kwambura mercure yose yarekuwe mumashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha, ntabwo byaba ari umuti wanduye wa mercure, kuko imbuga z’ibiribwa zo ku isi nazo zishobora kwibasirwa na mercure.Tuzi bike cyane kubyerekeranye na mercure yibinyabuzima muri biota muri aya mashyamba adakomeye, ariko aya mbere ibipimo by'ububiko bwa mercure ku isi hamwe na methylmercury y'ubutaka byerekana ko urugero rwa mercure rwinshi mu butaka na methylmercury nyinshi rushobora kongera guhura n'ababa muri ayo mashyamba.Ingaruka kubakiriya benshi bafite imirire.Imibare yavuye mubushakashatsi bwibanze ku bioaccumulation yo ku isi mu mashyamba yubushyuhe bwerekanye ko ubwinshi bw’amaraso ya mercure mu nyoni bufitanye isano n’ubushakashatsi bwa mercure mu butayu, kandi inyoni zo mu ndirimbo zirya ibiryo zikomoka ku butaka zishobora kwerekana imbaraga za mercure Zazamuwe 56.57. hamwe no kugabanya imikorere yimyororokere no gutsinda, kugabanya urubyaro kubaho, kubangamira iterambere, guhinduka kwimyitwarire, guhangayika kumubiri, hamwe nimpfu 58,59.Niba iyi moderi ifite ukuri kuri Amazone yo muri Peruviya, umuvuduko mwinshi wa mercure uboneka mumashyamba adahwitse ushobora gutera mercure nyinshi. mu nyoni no mu bindi binyabuzima, hamwe n'ingaruka zishobora guterwa.Ibi bireba cyane cyane kubera ko akarere ari ahantu h’ibidukikije ku isi hose 60.Ibisubizo bishimangira akamaro ko gukumira ubucukuzi bwa zahabu n’ubukorikori buto bukorerwa mu turere dukingiwe n’igihugu ndetse na zone buffer zikikije kubo.Guhindura ibikorwa bya ASGMes15,16 irashobora kuba uburyo bwo kwemeza ko ubutaka burinzwe budakoreshwa.
Kugira ngo tumenye niba mercure yashyizwe muri utwo turere tw’amashyamba yinjira ku rubuga rw’ibiribwa ku isi, twapimye amababa umurizo y’inyoni nyinshi z’indirimbo zituye mu kigo cya Los Amigos (cyatewe n’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y'agaciro) na Sitasiyo y’ibinyabuzima ya Cocha Cashu (inyoni zishaje zitagize ingaruka).kwibumbira hamwe kwa mercure. icyitegererezo cyakomeje tutitaye ku ngeso yo kugaburira, kuko icyitegererezo cyacu cyarimo munsi yo kurwanya ibiryo Myrotherula axillaris, ikimonyo cyakurikiye anti-kurya Phlegopsis nigromaculata, hamwe nuwarya imbuto Pipra fasciicauda (1.8 [n = 10] na 0.9 μg g− 1 [n = 2], 4.1 [n = 10] na 1.4 μg g-1 [n = 2], 0.3 [n = 46] na 0.1 μg g-1 [n = 2]) abantu batoranijwe kuri Los Amigos, 3 barenze EC10 (kwibanda cyane kugirango bagabanye 10% intsinzi yuburumbuke), 3 barenze EC20, 1 barenga EC30 (reba ibipimo bya EC muri Evers58), kandi nta Cocha kugiti cye Ubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose bwa Cashu burenga EC10.Iyi primaire. ibyagaragaye, hamwe nimpuzandengo ya mercure yikubye inshuro 2-3 hejuru yinyoni zindirimbo ziva mumashyamba arinzwe yegeranye nibikorwa bya ASGM,hamwe na mercure kugiti cye hejuru yikubye inshuro 12, bizamura impungenge zuko kwanduza mercure kuva ASGM bishobora kwinjira kumurongo wibiribwa byo ku isi.urwego rwo guhangayikishwa cyane.Ibisubizo bishimangira akamaro ko gukumira ibikorwa bya ASGM muri parike yigihugu hamwe na zone ya buffer.
Amakuru yakusanyirijwe muri Los Amigos Conservation Concessions (n = 10 kuri Myrotherula axillaris [undervert invertivore] na Phlegopsi nigromaculata [ant-following invertivore], n = 46 kuri Pipra fasciicauda [frugivore]; ikimenyetso cya mpandeshatu itukura) hamwe na kure muri Cocha; Sitasiyo y’ibinyabuzima ya Kashu (n = 2 kuri buri bwoko; ibimenyetso by’uruziga rwatsi) .Ibikorwa byiza (ECs) byerekanwe kugabanya intsinzi yimyororokere 10%, 20% na 30% (reba Evers58) .Amafoto yinyoni yahinduwe kuva Schulenberg65.
Kuva mu mwaka wa 2012, urugero rwa ASGM muri Amazone ya Peruviya rwiyongereyeho hejuru ya 40% mu turere turinzwe na 2,25 cyangwa barenga mu turere tutarinzwe.Gukomeza gukoresha mercure mu bucukuzi bw’amabuye y'agaciro n’ubucukuzi bwa zahabu ntoya bishobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku nyamaswa. ituye muri ayo mashyamba.Nubwo abacukuzi bahagarika gukoresha mercure ako kanya, ingaruka z’ibi byanduye mu butaka zirashobora kumara ibinyejana byinshi, hamwe n’ubushobozi bwo kongera igihombo cyatewe n’amashyamba n’umuriro w’amashyamba 61,62. Kubwibyo, umwanda wa mercure ukomoka muri ASGM ushobora kuba ufite igihe kirekire. Ingaruka kuri biota y’amashyamba adahwitse yegeranye na ASGM, ingaruka ziriho hamwe n’ingaruka zizaza binyuze mu gusohora mercure mu mashyamba akuze-afite agaciro gakomeye ko kubungabunga.no kongera gukora kugirango hongerwe imbaraga zo kwanduza.Kubona ko biota yo ku isi ishobora kuba ifite ibyago byinshi byo kwanduzwa na mercure ituruka muri ASGM igomba gutanga izindi mbaraga zo gukomeza imbaraga zo kugabanya irekurwa rya mercure muri ASGM. Izi mbaraga zirimo uburyo butandukanye, uhereye ku gufata mercure yoroshye. Sisitemu yo gusibanganya ishoramari ryubukungu n’imibereho itoroshye rizashyira ahagaragara ibikorwa kandi bigabanye gushimangira ubukungu kuri ASGM itemewe.
Dufite sitasiyo eshanu muri kilometero 200 zumugezi wa Madre de Dios. Twahisemo ahantu hatoranijwe hashingiwe ku kuba hafi y’ibikorwa bikomeye bya ASGM, nko muri kilometero 50 hagati ya buri cyitegererezo, dushobora kugera ku ruzi rwa Madre de Dios (Ishusho 2A) .Tufite yahisemo ahantu habiri nta bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro (Boca Manu na Chilive, nko muri kilometero 100 na 50 uvuye kuri ASGM), nyuma yiswe "ahantu hitaruye" .Twatoranije ahantu hatatu mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, aha bita "Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro", ahacukurwa amabuye abiri mu mashyamba ya kabiri hafi yimijyi ya Boca Colorado na Laberinto, hamwe n’ahantu hacukurwa amabuye y’amashyamba y’ibanze. Amasezerano yo gukingira Amigos. Nyamuneka menya ko ku bibanza bya Boca Colorado na Laberinto muri kariya gace kacukurwamo amabuye, imyuka ya mercure yavuye mu muriro. ya mercure-zahabu amalgam nikintu gikunze kugaragara, ariko ahantu nyaburanga nubunini ntibizwi kuko ibyo bikorwa akenshi bitemewe kandi rwihishwa;tuzahuza ubucukuzi bwa mercure na mercure Alloy yaka hamwe yitwa "ibikorwa bya ASGM" .Mu gihe cyizuba cya 2018 (Nyakanga na Kanama 2018) nigihe cyimvura yo muri 2018 (Ukuboza 2018) mugusiba (ahantu hateye amashyamba hatarimo ibiti byimbaho) kandi munsi y'ibiti (ahantu h'amashyamba), twe icyitegererezo cya Sediment twashyizwe ahantu hatanu no muri Mutarama 2019) kugirango dukusanyirize amazi yatose (n = 3) hamwe nigitonyanga cyinjira (n = 4), urugero. igihe cyizuba nibyumweru bibiri cyangwa bitatu mugihe cyimvura.Mu mwaka wa kabiri wigihe cyicyitegererezo cyicyitegererezo (Nyakanga na Kanama 2019), twashyizeho abaterankunga (n = 4) mumirima itandatu y’inyongera y’amashyamba i Los Amigos ibyumweru bitanu, dushingiye kuri igipimo kinini cyo kubitsa cyapimwe mu mwaka wa mbere, Hano hari ibibanza 7 byamashyamba hamwe n’ikibanza 1 cyo gutema amashyamba kuri Los Amigos. Intera iri hagati y’ibibanza yari 0.1 kugeza kuri 2,5 km. Twakusanyije inzira imwe ya GPS kuri buri kibanza dukoresheje GPS ya Garmin.
Twashyizeho icyitegererezo cya air pasiporo kuri mercure kuri buri gace kacu uko ari gatanu mugihe cyizuba cya 2018 (Nyakanga-Kanama 2018) nigihe cyimvura ya 2018 (Ukuboza 2018-Mutarama 2019) mumezi abiri (PAS) .Icyitegererezo kimwe cya PAS cyoherejwe kurubuga mugihe cyizuba hamwe nabashakashatsi babiri ba PAS boherejwe mugihe cyimvura.PAS (yakozwe na McLagan nabandi 63) ikusanya mercure ya gaze ya gaze (GEM) ikwirakwizwa na pasiporo hamwe na adsorption kuri karubone yatewe na karubone (HGR-AC) ikoresheje inzitizi ya Radiello © diffusion barrière. Gukwirakwiza inzitizi ya PAS ikora nkinzitizi yo kunyura mumoko ya mercure ya gaze ya gaze;kubwibyo, GEM yonyine niyo yamamajwe na karubone 64. Twakoresheje imigozi ya kabili ya pulasitike kugirango duhuze PAS kumyanya igera kuri m 1 hejuru yubutaka.Icyitegererezo cyose cyafunzwe hamwe na parafilm cyangwa kibikwa mumifuka ya plastike yimyenda ibiri mbere na nyuma yo koherezwa.Twe yakusanyije umurima wubusa ningendo zidafite PAS kugirango isuzume umwanda watangijwe mugihe cyo gutoranya, kubika umurima, kubika laboratoire, no gutwara ibintu.
Mugihe cyo kohereza ibibanza bitanu byose byatoranijwe, twashyizeho abashinzwe gukusanya imvura batatu kugirango basesengure mercure hamwe nabandi babiri bakusanya ubundi buryo bwo gusesengura imiti, hamwe na bane bakusanya inzira yo gusesengura mercure ahantu hateye amashyamba.abegeranya, hamwe nabaterankunga babiri kubindi bisesengura byimiti.Abakusanyije ni metero imwe itandukanye hagati yabo. Menya ko mugihe dufite umubare uhoraho w'abakusanyirizo washyizwe kuri buri rubuga, mugihe cyo gukusanya dufite ingano ntoya y'icyitegererezo kubera imyuzure yabantu, abantu kwivanga nabakusanyirizo, hamwe no kunanirwa guhuza amacupa nogucupa.Kuri buri shyamba n’amashyamba y’amashyamba, umuterankunga umwe wo gusesengura mercure yarimo icupa rya mL 500, mu gihe irindi rifite icupa rya mL 250;abandi bakusanyirizaga hamwe kugirango basesengure imiti yarimo icupa rya 250-mL. Izi ngero zabitswe muri firigo kugeza zidafite firigo, hanyuma zoherezwa muri Amerika kurubura, hanyuma zikomeza gukonjeshwa kugeza zisesenguye. Uwakusanyije isesengura rya mercure agizwe na feri yikirahure yatambutse unyuze kuri styrene-Ethylene-butadiene-styrene block polymer (C-Flex) hamwe numuyoboro mushya wa polyethylene terephthalate Ester copolyester glycol (PETG) icupa rikora nk'ifunga ry'umwuka. Mugihe cyoherejwe, amacupa yose ya 250 mL ya PETG yari acide hamwe na 1 mL yerekana icyuma cya hydrochloric acide (HCl) hamwe nuducupa twose twa 500 mL PETG yashizwemo aside hamwe na 2 mL ya metero yicyuma cya HCl. Ikusanyirizo ryizindi analyse yimiti igizwe numuyoboro wa pulasitike uhujwe nicupa rya polyethylene ukoresheje igituba gishya cya C-Flex hamwe na umuzenguruko ukora nk'ifunga ry'umwuka. Ibirahuri byose by'ibirahure, amashanyarazi ya pulasitike n'amacupa ya polyethylene byogejwe mbere yo koherezwa. Twakusanyije ingero dukoresheje amaboko asukuye y'amaboko yanduye (EPA Method 1669), dukomeza samples imbeho ishoboka kugeza isubiye muri Reta zunzubumwe za Amerika, hanyuma ikabika ingero kuri 4 ° C kugeza zisesenguye. Ubushakashatsi bwibanze ukoresheje ubu buryo bwerekanye 90-110% gukira kwa laboratoire munsi yumupaka wamenyekanye na spike isanzwe37.
Kuri buri mbuga eshanu, twakusanyije amababi nk'amababi y'ibiti, twafashe icyitegererezo cy'amababi, imyanda mishya, hamwe n'imyanda myinshi dukoresheje protocole isukuye-amaboko-yanduye-amaboko (EPA Method 1669) .Ingero zose zakusanyirijwe mu ruhushya rwo gukusanya SERFOR . duhereye ku biti by'ibiti dukoresheje Notch Big Shot slingshot mugihe cyizuba cya 2018, igihe cyimvura ya 2018, nigihe cyizuba cya 2019 (n = 3 kuri buri bwoko) .Twakusanyije ingero zo gufata amababi (n = 1) dukusanya amababi muri buri kibanza kuva amashami ari munsi ya m 2 hejuru yubutaka mugihe cyizuba cya 2018, igihe cyimvura ya 2018, nigihe cyizuba cya 2019. Muri 2019, twakusanyije kandi ibyitegererezo byo gufata amababi (n = 1) mubibanza 6 by’amashyamba muri Los Amigos.Twakusanyije imyanda mishya (“imyanda myinshi”) mu gitebo gishyizwe hamwe. , ingano yintangarugero yacu yari ntoya kubera umwuzure wibibanza no kwivanga kwabantu hamwe nabaterankunga.Ibitebo byose byimyanda bishyirwa muri metero imwe yikusanyirizo ryamazi. Twakusanyije imyanda myinshi nkicyitegererezo cyubutaka mugihe cyizuba cya 2018, igihe cyimvura ya 2018, na igihe cyizuba cya 2019.Mu gihe cyizuba cya 2019, twakusanyije kandi imyanda myinshi mubibanza byacu byose bya Los Amigos. Twakonjesheje ingero zose zamababi kugeza igihe zishobora gukonjeshwa hakoreshejwe firigo, hanyuma twoherezwa muri Amerika kurubura, hanyuma bikabikwa bikonje kugeza bitunganijwe.
Twakusanyije icyitegererezo cyubutaka muri bitatu (n = 3) ahantu hatanu (hafunguye na canopy) hamwe na Los Amigos mugihe cyizuba cya 2019 mugihe cyibihe bitatu byose. Ingero zose zubutaka zegeranijwe muri metero imwe yumusaruzi wimvura.Twe yakusanyije icyitegererezo cyubutaka nkubutaka munsi yigitaka (cm 0-5) dukoresheje icyitegererezo cyubutaka. Byongeye kandi, mugihe cyizuba cya 2018, twakusanyije ubutaka bwubutaka bugera kuri cm 45 zubujyakuzimu tubigabanyamo ibice bitanu byimbitse.Kuri Laberinto, twashoboraga gukusanya gusa umwirondoro umwe wubutaka kuko ameza yamazi yegereye hejuru yubutaka.Twakusanyije ingero zose dukoresheje protocole yintoki zanduye zanduye (EPA Method 1669) .Twakonjesheje ingero zose zubutaka kugeza igihe zishobora gukonjeshwa hakoreshejwe firigo, hanyuma twoherezwa ku rubura muri Amerika, hanyuma ikabikwa ikonje kugeza itunganijwe.
Koresha ibyari byumwijima byashyizwe mugitondo na nimugoroba kugirango ufate inyoni mugihe gikonje cyumunsi.Mu kigega cya Los Amigos, twashyize ibyari bitanu byigihu (1.8 × 2.4) ahantu icyenda. Kuri Sitasiyo ya Cocha Cashu, twashyize 8 kugeza Ibyari 10 by'ibicu (12 x 3.2 m) ahantu 19.Ku mbuga zombi, twakusanyije amababa ya mbere yinyoni yo hagati yo hagati, cyangwa niba atari yo, amababa akurikira. Turabika amababa mu mifuka ya Ziploc isukuye cyangwa amabahasha ya manila hamwe na silicone. Twakusanyije inyandiko zifotora hamwe n'ibipimo bya morphometrici kugirango hamenyekane amoko ukurikije Schulenberg65.Ubushakashatsi bwombi bwashyigikiwe na SERFOR hamwe n’uruhushya rutangwa n’inama y’ubushakashatsi ku nyamaswa (IACUC) .Iyo twagereranyaga amababa y’inyoni Hg, twasuzumye ubwo bwoko bwakusanyirijwe amababa mu kigo cy’ibidukikije cya Los Amigos. na Sitasiyo y’ibinyabuzima ya Cocha Cashu (Myrotherula axillaris, Phlegopsis nigromaculata, Pipra fasciicauda).
Kugirango umenye urutonde rwibibabi (LAI), amakuru ya lidar yakusanyijwe hifashishijwe Laboratoire ya GatorEye idafite abadereva, sensor fusion sisitemu yo mu kirere (reba kuri www.gatoreye.org kugirango ubone ibisobanuro birambuye, ushobora no kuboneka ukoresheje “2019 Peru Los Inshuti” Kamena ” ). % .Ubucucike bwamanota yatanzwe hejuru yumwirondoro w’amashyamba arenga amanota 200 kuri metero kare. Agace k’indege karahurira hamwe n’icyitegererezo cyose muri Los Amigos mu gihe cyizuba cya 2019.
Twagereranije igiteranyo cya Hg cyegeranijwe na GEM yakusanyirijwe hamwe na desorption yumuriro, fusion, hamwe na atomic absorption spectroscopy (USEPA Method 7473) dukoresheje igikoresho cya Hydra C (Teledyne, CV-AAS) .Twahinduye CV-AAS dukoresheje Ikigo cyigihugu gishinzwe ubuziranenge. n'Ikoranabuhanga (NIST) Ibikoresho Byifashishijwe 3133 (Hg igisubizo gisanzwe, 10.004 mg g-1) hamwe na 0.5 ng Hg. Twakoze Calibration Verification (CCV) dukoresheje NIST SRM 3133 hamwe nubuziranenge bwubuziranenge (QCS) dukoresheje NIST 1632e. 3) ifu 67 buri cyombo naibintu byose bya HGR-AC biboneka muri PAS. Tanga ko icyitegererezo kimwe cya PAS cyakusanyirijwe kuri buri rubuga kugirango hapimwe ibipimo byibanda mugihe cyizuba cya 2018, uburyo bwiza bwo kugenzura no kwemeza byakozwe hakoreshejwe amatsinda hamwe nuburyo bwo gukurikirana, ibipimo byimbere, na matrix -ibipimo bidahuye.Mu gihe cyimvura ya 2018, twasubiyemo ibipimo byurugero rwa PAS.Ibiciro byafatwaga nkibyemewe mugihe itandukaniro ryijanisha ryijanisha (RPD) rya CCV hamwe nibipimo bya matrix bihuye byombi byari muri 5% byemewe. agaciro, kandi ibyateganijwe byose byari munsi yumupaka wo gutahura (BDL) .Twakosoye ubusa-mercure yuzuye yapimwe muri PAS dukoresheje kwibanda kugenwa kumurima no murugendo (0.81 ± 0.18 ng g-1, n = 5) .Twabaze GEM kwibumbira hamwe ukoresheje misa ikosowe yuzuye ya mercure ya mercure igabanijwe nigihe cyo kohereza nigipimo cyikigereranyo (umubare wumwuka wo gukuraho mercure ya gaze kumwanya wigihe;0.135 m3 umunsi-1) 63,68, yahinduwe kubushyuhe numuyaga biturutse ku kirere cy’isi Ikigereranyo cy’ubushyuhe hamwe n’ibipimo by’umuyaga byabonetse mu karere ka Madre de Dios68.Ikosa risanzwe ryavuzwe ku bipimo bya GEM byapimwe rishingiye ku ikosa ry’ibipimo byo hanze kwiruka mbere na nyuma yicyitegererezo.
Twasesenguye urugero rwamazi yibintu byose bya mercure dukoresheje okiside hamwe na chloride ya bromine byibuze amasaha 24, hanyuma hakurikiraho kugabanuka kwa chloride itangaje no guhanagura no gusesengura imitego, imyuka ikonje ya atome fluorescence spectroscopy (CVAFS), hamwe no gutandukanya gaz chromatografiya (GC) 1631 ya Tekran 2600 Automatic Total Mercury Analyser, Rev. E) .Twakoze CCV kuburugero rwigihe cyizuba 2018 dukoresheje ibipimo bya Ultra Scientific byemewe byamazi ya mercure (10 μg L-1) hamwe no kugenzura kwa kalibrasi (ICV) dukoresheje ibikoresho byemewe bya NIST 1641D. .d ubusa, igogorwa ryibiryo hamwe nisesengura risesuye byose ni BDLs.
Twahagaritse ubutaka bwumutse hamwe nicyitegererezo cyibabi muminsi itanu.Twahuje ingero turazisesengura kuri mercure yose hamwe no kubora ubushyuhe, kugabanuka kwa catalitike, fusion, desorption, hamwe na atomic absorption spectroscopy (uburyo bwa EPA 7473) kuri Milestone Direct Mercury Analyser (DMA -80) .Ku byitegererezo byigihe cyumwaka wa 2018, twakoze ibizamini bya DMA-80 dukoresheje NIST 1633c (isazi yisazi, 1005 ng g-1) hamwe ninama yigihugu yubushakashatsi muri Kanada yemeje ibikoresho MESS-3 (imyanda yo mu nyanja, 91 ng g -1).Calibration.Twakoresheje NIST 1633c kuri CCV na MS na MESS-3 kuri QCS ifite igipimo ntarengwa cya 0.2 ng Hg.Ku gihe cyizuba cya 2018 na 2019 cyigihe cyizuba, twahinduye DMA-80 dukoresheje ibikoresho bya Brooks Rand Instruments Total Mercury Standard (1.0 ng L - 1) .Twifashishije ibikoresho bisanzwe bya NIST 2709a (Ubutaka bwa San Joaquin, 1100 ng g-1) kuri CCV na MS na DORM-4 (proteine y amafi, 410 ng g-1) kuri QCS ifite imipaka ntarengwa 0.5 ng Hg.Mu bihe byose, twasesenguye ingero zose muburyo bubiri kandi bwemewe mugihe RPD hagati yintangarugero zombi yari muri 10% .Ibisubizo byagarutsweho kubipimo byose hamwe na spike ya matrix byari muri 10% byagaciro byemewe, kandi ibyuzuye byari BDL.Ibisobanuro byose byavuzwe ni uburemere bwumye.
Twasesenguye methylmercury mu byitegererezo by'amazi y'ibikorwa bitatu byose byigihembwe, icyitegererezo cyibabi kuva mugihe cyizuba cya 2018, hamwe nubutaka bwubutaka mubikorwa bitatu byose byigihembwe.Twakuyemo urugero rwamazi hamwe na acide sulfurike yo mu rwego rwo hejuru byibuze 24 h, amababi 69 yatewe hamwe na 2 % hydroxide ya potasiyumu muri methanol byibuze 48 h kuri 55 ° C byibura 70 h, hamwe nubutaka bwashizwemo na microwave hamwe nicyuma cyo mu rwego rwa HNO3 aside 71,72.Twasesenguye ingero zigihe cyumwaka wa 2018 dukoresheje Ethylation yamazi dukoresheje sodium tetraethylborate, purge numutego, hamwe na CVAFS kuri ecran ya Tekran 2500 (uburyo bwa EPA 1630) .Twakoresheje Frontier Geosciences yemewe na laboratoire ya MeHg hamwe nubutaka QCS dukoresheje ERM CC580 kugirango tubone kalibrasi na CCV hamwe uburyo bwo kumenya uburyo bwa 0.2 ng L-1.Twasesenguye ingero zigihe cyumwaka wa 2019 dukoresheje sodium tetraethylborate kugirango etylation yamazi, isukure numutego, CVAFS, GC, na ICP-MS kuri Agilent 770 (uburyo bwa EPA 1630) 73.Twakoresheje Brooks Rand Instruments methylmercury ibipimo (1 ng L - 1) kuri kalibrasi na CCV hamwe nuburyo bwo kumenya uburyo bwa 1 pg.Ibipimo byose byagaruwe muri 15% byagaciro byemewe mubihe byose kandi ibibanza byose byari BDL.
Muri Laboratwari yacu ya Biodiversity Institute Toxicology Laboratory (Portland, Maine, USA), uburyo bwo kumenya uburyo bwari 0.001 μg g-1.Twahinduye DMA-80 dukoresheje DOLT-5 (umwijima w'imbwa, 0.44 μg g-1), CE-464 (5.24 μg g-1), na NIST 2710a (Ubutaka bwa Montana, 9.888 μg g-1) .Tukoresha DOLT-5 na CE-464 kuri CCV na QCS.Ibisubizo byagarutsweho kubipimo byose byari muri 5% byagaciro byemewe, kandi byose ni ubusa. bari BDL.Ibisubirwamo byose byari muri 15% RPD.Ibisobanuro byose byavuzwe ko amababa yose hamwe ya mercure yibiro bifite uburemere bushya (fw).
Dukoresha 0.45 μm membrane muyungurura kugirango dushungure urugero rwamazi kugirango twongere dusesengure imiti.Twasesenguye urugero rwamazi ya anion (chloride, nitrate, sulfate) na cations (calcium, magnesium, potasiyumu, sodium) na ion chromatografiya (uburyo bwa EPA 4110B) [USEPA, 2017a] dukoresheje Dionex ICS 2000 ion chromatografiya .Ibipimo byose byagaruwe muri 10% byagaciro byemewe kandi ibisigisigi byose byari BDL.Twifashisha Thermofisher X-Series II kugirango dusesengure ibintu byerekana ibimenyetso byamazi dukoresheje plasma mass spectrometry. ibipimo bya kalibrasi byateguwe no gukurikiranwa byamazi yemewe ya NIST 1643f.Umwanya wose ni BDL.
Amazi yose hamwe nibidengeri byavuzwe mumyandiko hamwe nimibare ikoresha bivuze agaciro kokwibanda kubihe byizuba nimvura. Reba Imbonerahamwe yinyongera ya 1 yo kugereranya ibizenga nibisohoka (impuzandengo yumwaka ugereranije nibihe byombi) ukoresheje byibuze byibuze byapimwe mugihe ibihe by'imvura n'imvura. Twabaze amasoko ya mercure yo mu mashyamba avuye mu masezerano yo kubungabunga Los Amigos nk'incamake yatanzwe na mercure binyuze mu bitonyanga no mu myanda. Twabaze imigezi ya Hg iva mu gutema amashyamba iva mu mvura nyinshi Hg. Twifashishije ibipimo by'imvura ya buri munsi biva muri Los Amigos (byakusanyirijwe mu gice cya EBLA) kandi iraboneka muri ACCA tubisabye), twabaze impuzandengo yimvura yumwaka mugihe cyimyaka icumi ishize (2009-2018) igera kuri mm 2500 yr-1 .Mwibuke ko mumwaka wa 2018, imvura yumwaka yegereye iki kigereranyo ( 2468mm), mugihe amezi yatose (Mutarama, Gashyantare na Ukuboza) ahwanye na kimwe cya kabiri cyimvura yumwaka (1288mm ya 2468mm).Dukoresha rero impuzandengo yibihe byizuba hamwe nigihe cyizuba mubibara byose bya flux na pisine.Ibi kandi biradufasha gusuzuma gusa itandukaniro ryimvura iri hagati yigihe cyizuba nigihe cyumye, ariko tunatandukanya itandukaniro murwego rwibikorwa bya ASGM hagati yibi bihe byombi.Since indangagaciro zubuvanganzo za raporo ya buri mwaka ya mercure ituruka mu mashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha iratandukanye hagati yo kwaguka kwa mercure kuva mu gihe cyizuba n’imvura cyangwa mu gihe cyizuba gusa, iyo ugereranije ibyo twabaze byabazwe n’agaciro k’ubuvanganzo, tugereranya mu buryo butaziguye imigezi ya mercure yabazwe, mu gihe ubundi bushakashatsi bwafashe ingero mu bihe byumye kandi bitose, kandi twongeye kugereranya imigezi yacu dukoresheje gusa igihe cyizuba cya mercure mugihe ubundi bushakashatsi bwafashe ingero mugihe cyizuba gusa (urugero, 74).
Kugirango tumenye ibipimo bya mercure byumwaka byimvura yose, imvura nyinshi n imyanda muri Los Amigos, twakoresheje itandukaniro hagati yigihe cyizuba (impuzandengo yikibanza cyose cya Los Amigos muri 2018 na 2019) nigihe cyimvura (impuzandengo ya 2018) ugereranije kwibumbira hamwe kwa mercure. Kubireba mercure yose hamwe ahandi, impuzandengo yikigereranyo hagati yigihe cyizuba cya 2018 nigihe cyimvura ya 2018.Ku mutwaro wa methylmercury, twakoresheje amakuru yo mugihe cyizuba cya 2018, umwaka umwe wapimwe methylmercury. Kugereranya imyanda ya mercure itemba, twakoresheje ibitabo byerekana igereranyo cyibipimo by’imyanda hamwe n’ubushakashatsi bwa mercure byakusanyirijwe mu bibabi mu gatebo k’imyanda kuri 417 g m-2 yr-1 muri Amazone ya Peru. Kubutaka bwa Hg pisine muri cm 5 hejuru yubutaka, twakoresheje ubutaka bwapimwe Hg (ibihe by'izuba 2018 na 2019, ibihe by'imvura ya 2018) hamwe na MeHg mugihe cyizuba cya 2018, hamwe nubucucike bwinshi bwa cm 1.25 g cm-3 muri Amazone yo muri Berezile75. Turashobora gusa phindura iyi mibare yimibare kurubuga rwacu rwibanze, Los Amigos, ahari imibare yimvura yigihe kirekire iboneka, kandi aho imiterere yishyamba ryuzuye ryemerera gukoresha ikigereranyo cyakusanyirijwe mbere.
Dutunganya indege ya lidar dukoresheje ibikorwa bya GatorEye byinshi bitunganijwe nyuma yo gutunganya ibintu, bihita bibara igicu cyahujwe neza hamwe nibicuruzwa bya raster, harimo na moderi yo hejuru ya digitale (DEMs) kuri 0.5 × 0.5 m. Twakoresheje DEM kandi dusukura ibicu bya lidar (WGS-84, UTM Ibipimo bya 19S) nk'ibyinjira muri GatorEye Ibibabi by'ubucucike (G-LAD), bigereranya igereranyo cyibibabi byagereranijwe kuri buri jwi (m3) (m2) hejuru yubutaka hejuru yigitereko ku cyemezo cya 1 × 1 × 1 m, hamwe na LAI ikomokaho (igiteranyo cya LAD muri buri 1 × 1 m ihagaritse inkingi) .Igiciro cya LAI cya buri ngingo ya GPS yateguwe noneho ikuramo.
Twakoze isesengura ryibarurishamibare dukoresheje R verisiyo ya 3.6.1 software statistique76 hamwe na visualisation zose dukoresheje ggplot2.Twakoze ibizamini byibarurishamibare dukoresheje alfa ya 0.05.Isano iri hagati yimpinduka ebyiri zasuzumwe dukoresheje kwaduka kwaduka kwaduka. Twakoze igereranya hagati yimbuga dukoresheje ikizamini kidasanzwe Kruskal hamwe na test ya Wilcox.
Amakuru yose akubiye muriyi nyandiko yandikishijwe intoki urashobora kuyasanga mumakuru yinyongera hamwe namadosiye yamakuru ajyanye nayo. Conservación Amazónica (ACCA) itanga amakuru yimvura abisabwe.
Akanama gashinzwe kurinda umutungo kamere. Zahabu yubukorikori: Amahirwe yo gushora inshingano - Incamake. Gushora imari muri Artisanal Gold Incamake v8 https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/investing-artisanal-gold-summary.pdf (2016).
Asner, GP & Tupayachi, R. Gutakaza vuba amashyamba arinzwe kubera ubucukuzi bwa zahabu muri Amazone ya Peruviya.ibidukikije.reservoir.Uburenganzira.12, 9 (2017).
Espejo, JC n'abandi. Gutema amashyamba no kwangirika kw'amashyamba biturutse mu bucukuzi bwa zahabu muri Amazone ya Peruviya: icyerekezo cy'imyaka 34. Kureba kure 10, 1-17 (2018).
Gerson, Jr. n'abandi. Kwagura ibiyaga byubukorikori byongera umwanda wa mercure uva mu bucukuzi bwa zahabu.ubuhanga.Yongerewe.6, eabd4953 (2020).
Dethier, EN, Sartain, SL & Lutz, DA Kuzamura urugero rwamazi no guhinduranya ibihe byinzuzi zahagaritse imyanda iherereye ahantu hashyuha h’ibinyabuzima hashyuha kubera gucukura zahabu yubukorikori.Ibikorwa.
Abe, CA n'abandi. Kwerekana ingaruka ziterwa no guhindagurika k'ubutaka ku butumburuke bw’ibimera mu bucukuzi bwa zahabu mu kibaya cya Amazone.register.ibidukikije.ibyoroshye.19, 1801–1813 (2019).
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-24-2022